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2.1. Lord An Ling and King Xuan of Chu

An excerpt from Book of the Warring States:¹

Jiang Yi spoke to Lord An Ling, saying "You have no land and no blood kin (in the Kingdom of Chu) and yet you have a high position and a generous income. On seeing you, there is none in this kingdom who does not tidy his/her clothes and adjust his/her cap and bow down to you. Why is this so?" An Ling replied, "The king has promoted me beyond what I deserve. Without (his favor), I would not be where I am."

Jiang Yi spoke, "Those who make friends with money will lose their friends when their money runs out. As for those who build relationships using their beauty - when the flower wilts, love will cease. This is why female sexual favorites never stay long enough to wear out their sleeping mats, and favored courtiers don't stay around long enough for their chariots to need repair. Today, you hold power in this country, but yet you have nothing with which to tie the king to you. I am worried for your well-being." Lord An Ling asked, "Then what should I do?"

Jiang Yi said, "I hope you will request to follow the king in death. Use your body as a sacrifice. This way, you will be respected in the land of Chu for a long time to come." An Ling replied, "I will respect your command."

Three years passed without An Ling speaking of the matter. Jiang Yi met with him again and said, "Up to now, you have not executed what I told you to do. If you will not use my plan, then I request that I not be asked to see you again." Lord An Ling said, "I did not dare to forget your words; I simply did not have the opportunity to do what you had suggested."

It came to pass, that the King of Chu was touring Yunmeng. The horses and carriages in his entourage numbered at a thousand, and their banners were so many that they blocked the sun. The burning brush fire seemed as a rainbow, the tigers' roaring sounded like thunder. A crazed wild ox came close to the chariot wheel. The king himself drew his bow and shot it, killing it with one arrow. The king pulled up a banner with one hand and held the head of the ox in the other, raised his face to the heavens and laughed, "What a pleasure is today's tour! After ten thousand years and a thousand autumns, who will share this pleasure with me?"

Lord An Ling shed many tears and came to him, saying, "In the palace, I sit at your side. When you go out, I accompany you in your chariot. After ten thousand years and a thousand autumns, I will test the yellow springs (the world of the dead) with my body, and shield you from the ants. What greater joy can I have?" The king was pleased and gave him the title of Lord An Ling.

People who heard about this commented, "Jiang Yi can be said to be good at strategizing, and Lord An Ling can be said to be good at seizing the moment."

战国策·江乙说于安陵君:

江乙说于安陵君曰：“君无咫尺之地，骨肉之亲，处尊位，受厚禄，一国之众，见君莫不敛衽而拜，抚委而服，何以也?”曰：“王过举而已。不然，无以至此。”

江乙曰：“以财交者，财尽而交绝；以色交者，华落而爱渝；是以嬖女不敝席，宠臣不避轩。今君擅楚国之势，而无以深自结于王，窃为君危之。”安陵君曰：“然则奈何?”江乙曰：“愿君必请从死，以身为殉，如是必长得重于楚国。”曰：“谨受令。”

三年而弗言。江乙复见曰：“臣所为君道，至今未效。君不用臣之计，臣请不敢复见矣。”安陵君曰：“不敢忘先生之言，未得间也。”

于是，楚王游于云梦，结驷千乘，旌旗蔽日，野火之起也若云霓，虎嗥之声若雷霆，有狂兕（牛羊）车依轮而至，王亲引弓而射，壹发而殪。王抽旃旄而抑兕首，仰天而笑曰：“乐矣，今日之游也!寡人万岁千秋之后，谁与乐此矣?”安陵君泣数行而进曰：“臣入则纶席，出则陪乘。大王万岁千秋之后，愿得以身试黄泉，蓐蝼蚁，又何如得此乐而乐之。”王大说，乃封坛为安陵君。君子闻之曰：“江乙可谓善谋，安陵君可谓知时矣。”

Notes:

1. 《谋略与雄辩宝典- 战国策 精华全解析》· 江乙说于安陵君 The Best of "Book of the Warring States" Explained - Jiang Yi advises Lord An Ling xstj/zgcjx/1403.htm

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2.2. Mizi Xia and King Ling of Wei

Mizi Xia is one of the most well-known icons of male homosexual love in antiquity. Later, the term "love of the divided peach" “分桃之爱”, originating from an incident between Mizi Xia and King Ling of Wei, was used to refer to male-male love. This incident was recorded in 《韩非子·说难篇》 and 刘向's 《说苑》.¹

An excerpt from The Collected Articles of Han Feizi", Essay 12 - Shuonan":²

There was a certain Mizi Xia who had the favor of the King of Wei. The law of Wei stated: "Whoever drives the king's carriage without permission will be punished with feet amputation." Mizi Xia's mother fell ill. Someone came and informed him during the night. Mizi secretly drove the King's carriage to go (to see her). When the King heard of it, he praised Mizi Xia, saying, "How well brought up he is! For the sake of his mother, he disregards the sentence of amputation!" Another day, Mizi Xia was touring an orchard with the king. He tasted a peach and found it sweet. Since he had not finished the peach, he offered the remaining half of it to the king to taste. The king said, "How much he loves me! He disregards his own appetite so that I can have a taste!" Later, Mizi's looks faded and the king's love declined. He offended the king and the king said, "In the past, he rode my carriage without permission, and also gave me a leftover peach to taste." Mizi Xia's conduct in later times did not change from his behavior in the beginning. He was judged worthy previously and then judged guilty later because of the change in the king's favor.

《韩非子》 说难第十二:³

昔者弥子瑕有宠於卫君。卫国之法：窃驾君车者刖。弥子瑕母病，人间往夜告弥子，弥子矫驾君车以出。君闻而贤之，曰：“教哉！为母之故，亡其刖罪。”异日，与君游於果围，食桃而甘，不尽，以其半啖君。君曰：“爱我哉！亡其口味以啖寡人。”及弥子色衰爱弛，得罪於君，君曰：“是固尝矫驾吾车，又尝啖我以馀桃。”故弥子之行未变於初也，而以前之所以见贤而后获罪者，爱憎之变也

Notes:

1. 探密:古代同性恋男宠的最初记载 Uncovering Secrets: The earliest records of homosexual male favorites in antiquity n3/ca1686682.htm

韩非(约前280—前233)是韩国的贵族，后世称他为韩非子。他和李斯都是荀子的弟子。当韩非写了《孤愤》《五蠹》等一系列文章，这些作品后来集为《韩非子》一书。See 韩非子简介 A Brief Introduction to Han Feizi zl/2004/7-25/23048.html

2. Full text of 《韩非子》 说难第十二 is available online at zibu/hanfeizi/hfz012.htm

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2.3. Lord Long Yang

Lord Long Yang 龙阳君 is one of the most romanticised icons of male-male love from the Warring States period. Hundreds of years later, the famous Three Kingdoms poet Ruan Ji would write poems extolling this ancient beauty.¹ The term Long Yang is still used today as a term for a pretty boy in a homosexual relationship.

An excerpt from The History of Wei, Book IV, Chapter 25:²

King (Anli) of Wei was fishing in a boat with Lord Long Yang. Lord Long Yang caught more than 10 fish and began to weep. The king asked, "Is there something troubling you? If so, why don't you tell me?" He replied: "Your servant dares not be troubled." The king inquired, "Then why do you weep?" He said "Your subject is like a fish that my king has caught." The King said, "Why do you say so?"

Long Yang answered, "When I first caught a fish, I was happy. But when I landed a bigger catch, I wanted to abandon what I had previously caught. Now I am of unpleasant appearance; yet I gained the opportunity of brushing the king's pillow and mat. Today I hold a noble title, I can walk in the Court, and people make way for me on the street. But within the four seas, there are many beautiful people. Those who hear that I have your intimate favor will surely raise their garments and hasten to my king. I also worry that I would be as the fish I have caught; I too will be abandoned. Can I not weep?"

The king said, "It is not so. If you had such a heart, why did you not confide in me?" And he decreed to all within the four corners of his realm that "Whoever dares to speak of (another) beauty (would have his/her entire) family (executed)."

《魏四》 卷二十五:

魏王与龙阳君共船而钓，龙阳君得十余鱼而涕下。王曰：“有所不安乎?如是，何不相告也?”对曰：“臣无敢不安也。” 王曰：“然则何为涕出?”曰：“臣为王之所得鱼也。”王曰：“何谓也?”对曰：“臣之始得鱼也，臣甚喜，后得又益大，今臣直欲弃臣前之所得矣。今以臣凶恶，而得为王拂枕席。今臣爵至人君，走人于庭，辟人于途。四海之内，美人亦甚多矣，闻臣之得幸于王也，必褰裳而趋王。臣亦犹曩臣之前所得鱼也，臣亦将弃矣，臣安能无涕出乎?”魏王曰：“误！有是心也，何不相告也?”于是布令于四境之内，曰：“有敢言美人者，族。”

Notes:

1. 中国上古文献中的同性恋事例 Same sex love in ancient Chinese literature lxkj/lxzt/txzl/200406031409574722.htm

2. For original text and a modern Chinese explanation, see gengyusuoji/guocexuan/106.htm

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2.4. Cao Gong and Dao Fang, women of the Han harem

The Book of Han records a "对食" (ate facing each other) bond between Cao Gong and Dao Fang, two women in the harem of Emperor Cheng of Han. The commentator Ying Shao explained "对食" refers to a marriage-like bonding between two people in the imperial harem - either two women or a woman and an eunuch. ¹

From Chapter 97 of The Book of Han "Record of Imperial Relatives By Marriage, Section 67B":²

The official Jie Guang reported (to Emperor Ai): "I heard Fair Lady Xu and Cao Gong who is an aide in the Center Palace, both received the favor of Emperor Cheng (the previous emperor) and produced sons, but the children have disappeared mysteriously. I sent my aides to question those who knew of the matter. They took them to Ji Wu, the deputy of the palace prison. Among them were the fomer palace attendants Wang Shun, Wu Gong, Jin Yan; the official maidservants Cao Xiao, Dao Fang and Zhang Qi, the attendants of the former Imperial Wife Zhao - Yu Kezi, Wang Pian, Zang Jian etc. They all said Cao Gong knew the affairs of men and women and that she was formerly assigned to the Center Palace as a learning aide. She was well-versed in The Book of Poetry and served instructed the empress. Fang and Gong ate facing each other...

汉书·卷九十三·佞幸传第六十三:

司隶解光奏言： 臣闻许美人及故中宫史曹宫皆御幸孝成皇帝，产子，子隐不见。 臣遣从事掾业、史望验问知状者掖庭狱丞籍武，故中黄门王舜、吴恭、靳严，官婢曹晓、道房、张弃，故赵昭仪御者于客子、王偏、臧兼等，皆曰宫即晓子女，前属中宫，为学事史，通《诗》，授皇后。房与宫对食...

Notes:

1. The history of the expression 对食 DWGT/DS.htm

2. 汉书·卷九十七下·外戚传第六十七下 The Book of Han: Chapter 93 gd/hs/107.htm

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