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Hailing reigned from 1149-1161. The Jin Dynasty was established by the Jurchen ethnic group in northern China. Alihu and Sheng Ge are Jurchen names.

Notes:

Historians see Long Yang, An Ling Mizi Xia and Dong Xian as political opportunists who shamelessly courted the favor of rulers, gaining high office without proper qualifications. Their royal lovers are remembered as men of poor judgment. It should be noted, however, that Chinese historians give the same treatment to the female favorites of rulers - the historical beauties Yang Guifei, Bao Si and Da Yi were blamed for causing political chaos, and the rulers who loved them were portrayed as men of excessive appetites and foolish priorities. Although royal love affairs usually make it into the history books because of the damage they caused, not all Chinese records of male-male lovers focused on dubious characters. Some examples follow in the next section.

3. Same-sex couples in Chinese historical records

3.1. Han Zigao and King Wen of Chen

Han Zigao was a soldier (and later general) who served King Wen of the Chen dynasty before King Wen gained the throne. Their close relationship continued after the King's ascension to the throne. Although the official historical record did not explicitly indicate a sexual relationship between the two, their relationship inspired a piece of homoerotic 野史 historical fiction 《陈子高传》Tale of Chen Zigao, and the Ming Dynasty play 《男王后》The King's Male Consort.¹ The historical version is presented below to demonstrate that male favorites in high political office are not always unqualified men who do not have the capabilities to match their positions.

Book of Chen "Biographies No.14":²

Han Zigao was originally from the foot of Huiqi Mountain. He was of humble family background. During the rebellion of Hou Ying, he dwelled in Jingdu. After the rebellion of Ying was over, King Wen (not yet king at that time) was posted to Wuxing. Zigao was then 16, and still wore his hair in a child's cut. He was beautiful and looked like a woman. Zigao, then attached to the unit stationed on the banks of the River Huai, wanted to return home. King Wen met with him and asked, "Would you like to enter my service?" Zigao agreed and pledged his allegiance. Zigao's original name was Manzi; King Wen changed his name. By nature he was respectful and discreet. He was diligent in serving, always carrying the king's sabre and executing orders for food and wine.
King Wen was impetuous; Zigao understood him very well. As he grew up, he practiced riding and archery. He was quite bold and decisive, and had the ambition of becoming a military commander. After the rebellion of Du Kan was pacified, Zigao was given soldiers to command. The king favored him very much, and would not let him leave his side. King Wen used to have a dream of riding his horse up a mountain. The road was dangerous but when he was about to fall, Zigao supported him and he continued his ascent.
King Wen went on a campaign against Zhang Biao. Shen Tai etc surrendered first. King Wen held Zhou City and Zhou Wenyu was stationed at the north wall's Xiangyan Temple. Zhang Biao came out of Shan County and counter-attacked the city during the night. King Wen escaped through the north gate. The army was thrown into chaos in the dark night and there was a disturbance among the soldiers. Wenyu too couldn't determine where the king was. Only Zigao remained at his side. King Wen sent Zigao to find Wenyu amidst the disarrayed troops. He returned to report that he had made contact with Wenyu in the dark, and went forth again to comfort and support the troops. King Wen's scattered soldiers reassembled themselves somewhat and Zigao led them into Wenyu's base, where they set up camp together.
The next day, they battled Zhang Biao. Zhang Biao's subcommander Shen Jin surrendered and Biao fled to Pine Mountain. Peace came to the Zhedong region. King Wen put most of his troops under the command of Zigao. Zigao, for his part, held little regard for material rewards, and showed respect for his troops. Many people voluntarily joined his command.
King Wen inherited the throne and appointed Zigao 右军将军. In the first year of the Tianhe period, Zigao was awarded the fief of Wenzhao County, which had a population of 300 households. When (the forces of) Wang Lin came to the gate, Zigao defended the city from his base within; After the Lin rebellion was pacified, the number of troops under Zigao's command increased even further. Zigao made every effort to argue for the advancement of the officers and soldiers who followed him. The king gave appointments to all of them. In the second year, he was appointed 员外散骑常侍、壮武将军、成州刺史. When campaigning against Liu Yi, he was stationed with Hou Andu under the Taozhi Range. At that time, Zigao's troops were strong and well-equipped, and had their own camp. (Liu Yi) entered the land of Chen as a lone rider, with an injury on the left of his neck and half his hair hacked off.
After Yi's rebellion was quashed, Zigao was appointed 假节、贞毅将军、东阳太守. In the fifth year, Zhang Zhaoda etc came out of Linzhou to invade Jin An. Zigao came forth from Anquan Range to meet (the other generals) at Jian An. Among all the generals, he had the strongest forces. After Jin An was pacified, he was promoted to 通直散骑常侍 in recognition for his accomplishments. His noble title was raised to 伯, and the number of households in his fiefdom increased by 400. In the 6th year, he was given the rank of 右卫将军 and came to the capital to head the Department of Defense. When King Wen became ill, Zigao entered (the palace) to attend to his medical care. After King Fei took the throne, he was appointed 散骑常侍; and still continued to hold the position of 右卫. He was transferred to the base at Xin An Temple.

陈书·列传第十四:

韩子高，会稽山阴人也。家本微贱。侯景之乱，寓在京都。景平，文帝出守吴兴，子高年十六，为总角，容貌美丽，状似妇人，淮渚附部伍寄载欲还乡。文帝见而问之，曰“能事我乎？”子高许诺。子高本名蛮子，文帝改名之。性恭谨，勤于侍奉，恒执备身刀及传酒炙。文帝性急，子高恒会意旨。及长，稍习骑射，颇有胆决，愿为将帅，及平杜龛，配以士卒。文帝甚宠爱之，未尝离于左右。文帝尝梦见骑马登山，路危欲堕，子高推捧而升。
文帝之讨张彪也，沈泰等先降，文帝据有州城，周文育镇北郭香岩寺。张彪自剡县夜还袭城，文帝自北门出，仓卒暗夕，军人扰乱，文育亦未测文帝所在，唯子高在侧，文帝乃遣子高自乱兵中往见文育，反命，酬答于暗中，又往慰劳众军。文帝散兵稍集，子高引导入文育营，因共立栅。明日，与彪战，彪将申缙复降，彪奔松山，浙东平。文帝乃分麾下多配子高，子高亦轻财礼士，归之者甚众。
文帝嗣位，除右军将军。天嘉元年，封文招县子，邑三百户。王琳至于栅口，子高宿卫台内。及琳平，子高所统益多，将士依附之者，子高尽力论进，文帝皆任使焉。二年，迁员外散骑常侍、壮武将军、成州刺史。及征留异，随侯安都顿桃支岭岩下。时子高兵甲精锐，别御一营，单马入陈，伤项之左，一髻半落。异平，除假节、贞毅将军、东阳太守。五年，章昭达等自临川征晋安，子高自安泉岭会于建安，诸将中人马最为强盛。晋安平，以功迁通直散骑常侍，进爵为伯，增邑并前四百户。六年，征为右卫将军，至都，镇领军府。文帝不豫，入侍医药。废帝即位，迁散骑常侍，右卫如故，移顿于新安寺。

Notes:

See 中国古代同性恋排行榜 Who's Who among China's ancient homosexuals 1053/20041228-27015.html. The text of 《陈子高传》 has also been reproduced in 《情史》 (See story/rdonline/qingshi.htm
陈书·列传第十四 Book of Chen "Biographies No.14" shibu/24shi/chensu/cs_020.htm

回目录

3.2. Gong Wei and Wang Qi

Excerpt from "The Teachings of Confucius, Chapter 10":¹

The armies of Qi invaded the Kingdom of Lu. Gongshu Wuren (Gongwei, son of King Zhao) came across refugees entering the city of Bao. They were resting with their staffs across their backs. Wuren wept as he spoke, "Even now, our bureaucracy is weak, and the draft is a burden on the people, but the king who receives our taxes is unable to make plans and the soldiers are not willing to face death. Things should not be so. Since I have spoken thus, do I dare refuse to do all that I can?" Gongwei, with his boy-favorite Wang Qi beside him, rode to meet the enemy in his war chariot. The two died in battle and their wakes were held at the same time. The people of Lu considered not giving the lad Wang Qi a funeral. They consulted Confucius who said, "If someone can wield the lance to protect his country, how can you not give him a funeral?"

孔子家语卷第十:

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