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《魏四》 卷二十五:

魏王与龙阳君共船而钓，龙阳君得十余鱼而涕下。王曰：“有所不安乎?如是，何不相告也?”对曰：“臣无敢不安也。” 王曰：“然则何为涕出?”曰：“臣为王之所得鱼也。”王曰：“何谓也?”对曰：“臣之始得鱼也，臣甚喜，后得又益大，今臣直欲弃臣前之所得矣。今以臣凶恶，而得为王拂枕席。今臣爵至人君，走人于庭，辟人于途。四海之内，美人亦甚多矣，闻臣之得幸于王也，必褰裳而趋王。臣亦犹曩臣之前所得鱼也，臣亦将弃矣，臣安能无涕出乎?”魏王曰：“误！有是心也，何不相告也?”于是布令于四境之内，曰：“有敢言美人者，族。”

Notes:

  1. 中国上古文献中的同性恋事例 Same sex love in ancient Chinese literature lxkj/lxzt/txzl/200406031409574722.htm

  2. For original text and a modern Chinese explanation, see gengyusuoji/guocexuan/106.htm

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2.4. Cao Gong and Dao Fang, women of the Han harem

The Book of Han records a "对食" (ate facing each other) bond between Cao Gong and Dao Fang, two women in the harem of Emperor Cheng of Han. The commentator Ying Shao explained "对食" refers to a marriage-like bonding between two people in the imperial harem - either two women or a woman and an eunuch. 1

From Chapter 97 of The Book of Han "Record of Imperial Relatives By Marriage, Section 67B":2

The official Jie Guang reported (to Emperor Ai): "I heard Fair Lady Xu and Cao Gong who is an aide in the Center Palace, both received the favor of Emperor Cheng (the previous emperor) and produced sons, but the children have disappeared mysteriously. I sent my aides to question those who knew of the matter. They took them to Ji Wu, the deputy of the palace prison. Among them were the fomer palace attendants Wang Shun, Wu Gong, Jin Yan; the official maidservants Cao Xiao, Dao Fang and Zhang Qi, the attendants of the former Imperial Wife Zhao - Yu Kezi, Wang Pian, Zang Jian etc. They all said Cao Gong knew the affairs of men and women and that she was formerly assigned to the Center Palace as a learning aide. She was well-versed in The Book of Poetry and served instructed the empress. Fang and Gong ate facing each other...

汉书·卷九十三·佞幸传第六十三:

司隶解光奏言： 臣闻许美人及故中宫史曹宫皆御幸孝成皇帝，产子，子隐不见。 臣遣从事掾业、史望验问知状者掖庭狱丞籍武，故中黄门王舜、吴恭、靳严，官婢曹晓、道房、张弃，故赵昭仪御者于客子、王偏、臧兼等，皆曰宫即晓子女，前属中宫，为学事史，通《诗》，授皇后。房与宫对食...

Notes:

  1. The history of the expression 对食 DWGT/DS.htm

  2. 汉书·卷九十七下·外戚传第六十七下 The Book of Han: Chapter 93 gd/hs/107.htm

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2.5. Male Favorites of the Han Dynasty

The Book of Han, written by Ban Gu of the Han Dynasty, dedicates an entire chapter to the records the deeds and influences of the major male sexual favorites of the Han emperors.1

From Chapter 93 of The Book of Han "Record of those who obtain favor by skillful flattery":

Since the beginning of Han, (the emperors) patronized favored courtiers. The Founding Emperor Gao had the boy Ji, Emperor Xiaohui had the boy Hong. These two people had no talent and ability, but with their charm and flattery, they gained the emperor's favor, and lay down and rose up with the ruler. During Xiaohui's time, the male palace attendants all wore feathrered hats and belts of precious stones, and powdered their faces after the mannre of Min and Ji. The two followed the example of Lord Anling. After them, the favored courtiers were:

汉书·卷九十三·佞幸传第六十三:

汉兴，佞幸2宠臣，高祖时则有籍孺，孝惠有闳孺。此两人非有材能，但以婉媚贵幸，与上卧起，公卿皆因关说。故孝惠时，郎侍中皆冠鵕鸃，贝带，傅脂粉，化闳、籍之属也。两人徙家安陵。其后宠臣，孝文时士人则邓通，宦者则赵谈、北宫伯子；孝武时士人则韩嫣，宦者则李延年；孝元时宦者则弘恭、石显；孝成时士人则张放、淳于长；孝哀时则有董贤。孝景、昭、宣时皆无宠臣。景帝唯有郎中令周仁。昭帝时，驸马都尉秺侯金赏嗣父车骑将军日磾爵为侯，二人之宠取过庸，不笃。宣帝时，侍中中郎将张彭祖少与帝微时同席研书，及帝即尊位，彭祖以旧恩封阳都侯，出常参乘，号为爱幸。其人谨敕，无所亏损...

The rest of Chapter 93 goes into more detail about the relationship of individual favorites with the Emperor.

Notes:

  1. 汉书·卷九十三·佞幸传第六十三 The Book of Han: Chapter 93 gd/hs/107.htm

  2. The word 佞, as used in the Han Dynasty, implies homosexual favor.

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2.6. Dong Xian and Emperor Ai of Han

Of all the male favorites of the Han emperors, Dong Xian is probably the most well-known. The expression "a preference for the truncated sleeve" 断袖之癖, which is still used today as an euphemism for male homosexuality, originates from the story of Dong Xian and Emperor Ai.

Chapter 93 of The Book of Han: Record of those who obtain favor by skillful flattery

Dong Xian, whose moniker was Shengqing, was a native of Yunyang. His father Gong was an Imperial Investigative Officer. He gave Dong Xian the job of attendant to the Crown Prince (who would become Emperor Ai). When Emperor Ai ascended the throne, Xian remained in his entourage. A little more than two years later, he was making a report outside the palace hall – he was beautiful and narcissistic - when Emperor Ai saw him and remarked on his manners and looks. He recognized Dong Xian and asked, "Isn't this the attendant Dong Xian?" Dong Xian was summoned to speak with the Emperor, who made him an Official-in-waiting. This was the beginning of his favor.

The Emperor then asked after Dong Xian's father, and the next day he made him Mayor of Baling and 光禄大夫. Dong Xian's favor increased daily and he was made Manager of Horses for the Imperial Attendant Carriages. He often rode in the same carriage with the Emperor when the Emperor went out. In the palace, he was always around the Emperor. In the space of 10 days to a month, the Emperor had bestowed upon him riches worth many tens of thousands. His honor and power shook the entire court.

He was often with the Emperor, whether standing up or lying down. Once, Dong Xian was napping across the Emperor's sleeve. When the Emperor wanted to get up, Dong Xian was unaware. The Emperor did not want to disturb Xian, so he truncated his sleeve and rose up.

汉书·卷九十三·佞幸传第六十三:

董贤，字圣卿，云阳人也，父恭，为御史，任贤为太子舍人。哀帝立，贤随太子官为郎。二岁余，传漏在殿下，为人美丽自喜，哀帝望见，说其仪貌，识而问之，曰：“是舍人董贤邪？”因引上与语，拜为黄门郎，由是始幸。问及其父，即日征为霸陵令，迁光禄大夫。贤宠爱日甚，为驸马都尉侍中，出则参乘，入御左右，旬月间赏赐累 巨万，贵震朝廷。常与上起卧。又尝昼寝，偏藉上袖，上欲起，贤未觉，不欲动贤，乃断袖而起。

Notes:

  1. 汉书·卷九十三·佞幸传第六十三 The Book of Han: Chapter 93 gd/hs/107.htm

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2.7. Cao Cao and Kong Gui

Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms: Chapter 3 of The Book of Wei:1

An Overview of The History of Wei lists Lang and Kong Gui in the "Favored Male Courtiers" section.2 He went by the moniker of Shulin. He was a native of Tianshui. At the beginning of the Jian An era, the general Yang Qiu had a mandate from the founding king (Cao Cao) and the king gave Gui the position of cavalry commander. Gui, by nature was law-abiding , and knew how to play chess...

Cao Cao loved him. He was always at the king's side. He followed the king's going out and coming in. Gui paid close attention to the king's desires and good moods. Because he could make speeches explaining the details of a matter clearly, most of his undertakings went smoothly, and he received many rewards. Many people gave him gifts, thus he was always dressed like a duke and ate on jade plates. Not only did the founding king loved Gui, the courtiers, military officers and nobles all sought good relations with him.

三國志卷三·魏書三:

魏略以朗與孔桂俱在佞倖篇。桂字叔林，天水人也。建安初，數為將軍楊秋使詣太祖，太祖表拜騎都尉。桂性便辟，曉博弈、　鞠，故太祖愛之，每在左右，出入隨從。桂察太祖意，喜樂之時，因言次曲有所陳，事多見從，數得賞賜，人多餽遺，桂由此侯服玉食。太祖既愛桂，五官將及諸侯亦皆親之。

Kong Gui and Cao Cao were mentioned in "External Passions", a chapter from A History of Passion dedicated to male-male lust and love.

Notes:

  1. 三國志卷三·魏書三 Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms: Chapter 3 of The Book of Wei book/p03cao03.htm

  2. 佞倖, translated here as 'favored male courtiers' has a sexual connotation, and usually refers to male sexual favorites of rulers, high-ranking officials and generals.

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2.8. Cao Rui and Qin Lang

Cao Rui (King Ming of Wei) was the grandson of Cao Cao. Qin Lang was a cavalry general. Another one of Cao Rui's supposed affairs (with his cousin Cao Zhao, also a cavalry officer) was mentioned in The History of Passion,1 but the official history contains no mention the Cao Zhao/Cao Rui pairing. The fondness of Cao Rui for Qing Lang, however, can be found in the historical records of Wei.

Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms: Chapter 3 of The Book of Wei:2

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